2016 Volume 20 Issue 5 Pages 735-742
Three-dimensional (3D) navigation using a computer-assisted technique is being increasingly performed in minimally invasive surgical procedures because it can provide stereoscopic information regarding the operating field to the surgeon. In this paper, the development of a real-time arthroscopic system utilizing an endoscopic camera and optical fiber to navigate a normal vector for a reconstructed knee joint surface is described. A specific navigation approach suitable for use in a rendered surface was presented in extenso. A small-sized endoscopic tube was utilized arthroscopically on a cadaveric knee joint to show the potential application of the developed system. Experimental results of underwater navigation on a synthetic knee joint showed that our system allows for a higher accuracy than a freehand technique. The mean angle of navigation for the proposed technique is 9.5◦ (range, 5◦ to 17◦; SD, 2.86◦) versus 14.8◦ (range, 6◦ to 26◦; SD, 7.53◦) and 12.6◦ (range, 4◦ to 17◦; SD, 3.98◦) for two sites using a freehand technique.
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