Abstract
The goal of this study is to develop the “Comprehensive assertiveness scale” that follows Wolpe’s (1958) idea that considers the balance between “affectionate assertiveness” and “oppositional assertiveness,” since traditional assertiveness scales are biased toward “oppositional assertiveness”. This scale was also used to examine the characteristics of assertiveness in the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) an organization with a clear hierarchy. Items of this scale were constructed with general assertiveness items whose content was not limited to the subjects of JASDF personnel (302 members belonging to Air Base A of the JASDF). The scale was composed of two factors by factor analysis, named the “affectionate assertiveness” factor (10 items, α=.84) and the “oppositional assertiveness” factor (10 items, α=.72) respectively. The validity of the two-factor structure of this scale was confirmed by structural covariance analysis and its relationship with related scales and assertion behavior indices. Furthermore, the results of the characteristics of organizational assertiveness in JASDF using this scale showed a pattern in which the oppositional assertiveness of the executive level was not the highest, but the oppositional assertiveness of the mid-level employees was significantly higher. In addition, affectionate assertiveness tends to exhibit a complementary pattern. Thus, affectionate assertiveness and oppositional assertiveness may serve complementary functions within the JASDF.
https://ror.org/04ke9yr06 
