Transforming Occupational Health and Safety Regulation: Strategic Pathways in the Era of Industry 4.0

Abstract

This paper examines the impact of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technological innovations on occupational health and safety (OHS) and explores appropriate regulatory approaches based on a literature review. While I4.0, with its introduction of autonomous robots powered by AI, is expected to improve operational efficiency and reduce risks, it also brings new risks—especially psychosocial risks—and regulatory challenges. Under I4.0, traditional rules are insufficient as regulations struggle to keep pace with technological evolution. A co-regulation framework is needed, where programmers and manufacturers are entrusted with risk management responsibilities. Additionally, health monitoring through wearable technologies, risk prediction using big data, and appropriate—not merely reinforced—data management to safeguard privacy are critical requirements. In conclusion, OHS regulations should be preventive and flexible, balancing the need to avoid hindering technological development while fully leveraging the benefits of new technologies. This requires establishing guidelines and safety nets that facilitate innovation. It is also necessary to adopt and enforce the principle of assigning risk management responsibilities to those capable of predicting and managing risks (broadly defined risk creators). This principle extends risk prevention responsibilities to designers, manufacturers, platforms, and clients commissioning work in part. Notably, clients should ensure that contractors have the capacity to perform work safely and sustainably. Finally, addressing psychosocial risks requires an approach that emphasizes compatibility between individuals and organizations, as well as alignment of skills and values.