High Dietary Saturated Fat is Associated with a Low Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Ischemic Stroke in Japanese but not in Non-Japanese: A Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

Abstract

Aim: The associations between dietary saturated fatty acids and the risks of stroke subtypes in cohort studies were examined by a meta-analysis of separate ethnic Japanese and non-Japanese cohorts, and causes of their difference were elucidated.

Method: Log hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of the highest versus the lowest saturated fat intake from cohort studies were weighed by an inverse variance method to combine HRs.

Results: Five studies of intracerebral hemorrhage and 11 studies/comparisons of ischemic stroke were selected. A meta-analysis of intracerebral hemorrhage excluding subarachnoid hemorrhage showed a strong inverse association in Japanese (n=3, HR=0.55, 95% CI 0.32–0.94) but not in non-Japanese (n=2, HR=0.98, 95% CI 0.62–1.53). A meta-analysis of ischemic stroke showed a mild inverse association in Japanese (n=4, HR=0.82, 95% CI 0.71–0.93) but not in non-Japanese (n=7, HR= 0.93, 95% CI 0.84–1.03). The effect size of saturated fat in reducing the risk of stroke in Japanese was stronger for intracerebral hemorrhage (45% reduction) than for ischemic stroke (18% reduction).

Conclusions: In Japanese but not in non-Japanese, a diet high in saturated fat is associated with a low risk of intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke. This may be due to differences in the range of intake of saturated fat, genetic susceptibility, incidence of lacunar infarction, and/or confounding factors such as dietary proteins. An intervention study targeting Japanese will be required to verify the causality.