Abstract
Various diseases and conditions of the larynx and esophagus are discussed in terms of indications for surgical treatment. Congenital anomalies, such as laryngomalacia, tracheal atresia, tracheal stenosis, tracheomalacia, tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal atresia are reviewed. Although most of these conditions require immediate intervention after birth, survival rates are gradually improving. An increased rate of antenatal diagnosis may be contributing to this improvement. Neoplastic diseases are rare, and have many variations in terms of histology. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis caused by human papilloma virus is also noted. Foreign bodies and trauma are also briefly discussed for their possible need for surgery. Laryngotracheal separation along with tracheostomy has been widely adopted to minimize the risk of aspiration in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities. The procedure is not only life-saving, but also improves quality of life for patients and families. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and achalasia are also noted as acquired functional disorders of the esophagus. A consensus on the indication of surgical treatment in children with GERD needs to be reached in the near future.
