Abstract
Endovascular treatments for arteriovenous shunts include transarterial embolization (TAE) and transvenous embolization (TVE) with solid materials such as coils or liquid materials such as NBCA and Onyx. For brain arterivenous malformations (BAVM), occlusion of the draining vein may cause bleeding due to the rupture of the nidus. Curative embolization requires total occlusion of the feeding arteries and the whole nidus, and is rarely accomplished except for small BAVM. Then TAE for feeders or the nidus with coils or liquid materials are performed as adjunctive treatments for surgical removal or stereotaxic radiosurgery. For dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF), occlusion of the affected sinus or draining vein cures the DAVF without bleeding. Therefore, TVE with coils or TAE with liquid materials are the primary treatments for DAVF.
