Cerebrovascular Anatomy for Direct Surgery : Perforating Branch Ischemia

Abstract

  Avoiding ischemic complications in perforating branches is an important task in cerebrovascular direct surgery. While using various intraoperative support systems, it is most important to become familiar with the cerebrovascular anatomy. With a focus on controversial issues such as ischemic tolerance during ‘blind-end’ hypoperfusion, we review and discuss the cerebrovascular anatomy of important vessels, including the central retinal artery, the anterior thalamoperforating artery, the anterior choroidal artery, the superior hypophyseal artery and the perforating branches of the anterior communicating artery.