Abstract
In order to use superconductors as nonresistive conducting wires, there must exist some mechanisms by which vortices are pinned against the Lorentz force due to a current. Since flux pinning phenomena occur on a microscopic scale, they have been difficult to observe directly, and therefore we can only presume what happens from macroscopic measurements. A new way was revealed to observe the dynamics of vortices in real time together with material defects by using both coherent field emission electrons and detecting the phase of the electrons, thus making it possible to microscopically observe the flux pinning phenomena.
