Development of rehabilitation with tojisha for phantom limb pain

Abstract

Phantom-limb pain (PLP) is commonly classified as neuropathic pain following amputation, brachial plexus avulsion injury or spinal cord injury, and is often resistant to pharmacotherapy and traditional rehabilitation techniques. In the present review, we explained not only the mechanism of phantom limb pain and rehabilitation techniques but also the subjective experience of tojisha with phantom limb pain. We believe that tojisha’s experiences lead to future studies of phantom limb pain.