Development of Innovative Mineralization and Recycling Methods for State-of-the-Art Industrial Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

Abstract

This review presents effective methodologies for the mineralization of state-of-the-art industrial per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These include both non-polymeric compounds—such as fluorinated ionic liquids and fluorochemicals used as electrolytes in secondary batteries—and polymeric materials like polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), fluoroelastomers (FKMs), and tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP). The discussed approaches employ subcritical water, with the ultimate goal of recovering fluorine from these substances.