The findings and treatments of GSM (Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause)

Abstract

GSM is an abbreviation for genitourinary syndrome of menopause. A general term for morphological changes such as atrophy of the genitourinary tract caused by decreased sex hormone secretion due to menopause, and the accompanying unpleasant physical symptoms and dysfunctions. It is a concept that comprehensively describes the condition.

GSM is a chronic, progressive disease that has been reported to affect about half of middle-aged and older women. The three signs are: 1) Dry and discomfort around the genital area. 2) Sexual pain and other sex troubles. 3) Urinary trouble (frequent urination, urinary leakage, recurrent cystitis). GSM may be diagnosed if vulvar findings include rounding of the urethral orifice and drying of the vaginal vestibule. Prevention is moisturization of the vulva and vagina , continued sexual intercourse and pelvic floor exercise. If general HRT does not improve the symptoms, local administration of both female and male hormones and fractional CO2 laser irradiation are used.