Abstract
We evaluated the acute toxicity values (96-h LC50) of the antifoulants copper pyrithione (CuPT) and zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) on a teleost, red sea bream, and a crustacean, toy shrimp. The 96-h LC50s were ranging from 2.5 μg/L to 120 μg/L. The joint toxicity tests of the pyrithiones with Cu using toy shrimp revealed that, in the ZnPT and Cu mixture, conversion of ZnPT to the more toxic CuPT occurred. The early life-stage toxicity test was also conducted for CUPT using a teleost, mummichog, and the result showed that the no observed effect concentration and the lowest observed effect concentration were 0.06 μg/L and 0.22 μg/L, respectively. Additionally, morphological abnormality such as vertebral deformity and tumor formation in lateral muscle were found to be induced by the long-term exposure to CuPT.
