A Study of Difficulties Surrounding Developing a Pattern to Fit the “the ordinary practice of seaman” as Autonomous Vessels Complicate Existing Navigation Rules

Abstract

It is essential to adapt the current traffic rules to meet the implementation of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) being developed worldwide. Current rules are designed with vessels operated by a person on board in mind. Therefore, it is expected to be difficult to apply these rules to an MASS. The present study attempted to analyze the behavior patterns of seafarers when they take evasive action and quantify the degree of ambiguity in their actions concretely. Analysis of the patterns of collision avoidance among active seafarers revealed no consistency in their behavior. It is argued that the influence of an individual seafarers’ experience and personality presents a significant influence on ship operation.