Role of Myeloperoxidase in the Host Defense against Fungal Infection

Abstract

Neutrophils are believed to be the first line of defense against invading microorganisms, but in vivo roles of reactive oxygens produced by neutrophils are not well known. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) catalyzes reaction of hydrogen peroxide with chloride ion to produce hypochlorous acid that is used for microbial killing by phagocytic cells. To define the in vivo role of MPO, we generated mice having no peroxidase activity in their neutrophils or monocytes. MPO-deficient (MPO-KO) mice showed severely reduced cytotoxicity to Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and other microorganisms, demonstrating that an MPO-dependent oxidative system is important for host defense against fungi. However, the significance of MPO compared to the NADPH-oxidase is still unclear because individuals with MPO deficiency are usually healthy in contrast to patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) who present clinical symptoms early in life. To better understand the contributions of MPO and NADPH-oxidase to antifungal defense mechanisms, we compared the susceptibility of MPO-KO mice and CGD mice to infections by C. albicans. Interestingly, at the highest dose, the mortality of MPO-KO mice was comparable to CGD mice, but was the same as normal mice at the lowest dose. These results suggest that MPO and NADPH-oxidase are equally important for early host defense against a large inocula of Candida. Our present results suggest that MPO-deficient individuals could exhibit similar problems as CGD patients if exposed to a large number of microorganisms.