Management of calcium and phosphate disorders

Abstract

Serum calcium (Ca) and phosphorus undergo regulation in the intestine, kidney, and bone. The movement within and outside cells also influences serum phosphorus levels. Hormones play a crucial role in controlling serum Ca and phosphorus to keep them within the normal range. Considering disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, it is vital to assess the in-out balance of Ca and phosphorus in organs and the impact of controlling hormones to identify the root cause. Potential causes include chronic kidney diseases like renal dysfunction and renal tubular abnormalities, along with conditions such as vitamin D deficiency or excess, parathyroid hormone deficiency or excess, and hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets. Metabolic disorders involving Ca and phosphorus can manifest as symptomatic or asymptomatic, with prompt intervention necessary in symptomatic cases. In managing chronic illnesses, attention should be given to treatment-related events, as well as symptoms and signs of the diseases. This article delves into the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches for disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism.