言語条件づけにおける要求特性の研究 意識性を獲得できない被験者行動の分析

宮田 敬一

doi:10.4992/jjpsy.49.78

A STUDY OF DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS IN VERBAL CONDITIONING

AN ANALYSIS OF UNAWARE SUBJECTS BEHAVIOR

KEIICHI MIYATA

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JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1978 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 78-84

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.49.78

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Published: July 20, 1978 Received: April 13, 1977 Available on J-STAGE: July 16, 2010 Accepted: - Advance online publication: - Revised: -
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Date of correction: July 16, 2010 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : The purpose of this study is to clarify unaware subjects behavior from the veiwpoint of demand characteristics of the experimenter. The Taffel-type procedure was used in the experiments. Six different personal pronouns used as criteria were “I”, “We”, “You”, “He”, “She” and “They”. The 16th-60th trials were given in conditioning trials; the 1st-15th trials were in operant trials. After completing the conditioning trials, the subjects were presented by an experimenter demanding explicitly to either increase or decrease the output in their performances. The 61st-75th trials were shift trials. Each time the subjects used a criterion pronoun (Exp. I: “I”), they were reinforced by the experimenter with a word “HAI” during conditioning and shift trials. After completing shift trials, each subject was interviewed to see whether the acquisition of awareness was in conditioning trials and whether the subject was aware of the reinforcing stimulus in conditioning trials. Also the hypotheses about contingency as the influencing variable to the behavior were investigated.
The major findings were as follows:
(1) Unaware as well as aware subjects showed significant increment in performance in conditioning phase. Most of the unaware subjects were conscious of the contents of sentences as was hypothesized. Unaware subjects giving no attention to reinforcing stimulus showed more increment in performance than unaware subjects giving attention.
(2) In shift trials, the degree of compliance with the explicit experimenter demand was significantly great among aware subjects.
(3) Cooperation of the subject with the experimenter for its demand in the increased output group was made through the awareness, while the decreased output group did not always necessitate it. The number of postaware subject whose acquisition of awareness was in shift trials in the increment group was more significant than the decrement group.
In Exp. II, the third pronoun in operant level, except “I”, was used as criteria.
(4) The unaware subjects did not show significant increment in performance, as was true with the aware subjects, in conditioning phase. The significant differences based on the attention to the reinforcement stimulus among unaware subjects was not found.
From these results, it was suggested that verbal conditioning was fully explained not only by the cognitive theory but by studying the attribution to the task itself or by examining the cues exist in the experimental procedure.
Right : Two experiments were conducted to clarify unaware subjects behavior using Taffel-type procedure. In Exp. I, unaware subjects showed significant increment in performance, using “I” as a criterion. Most of them were conscious of the contents of sentences, as was hypothesized. Unaware subjects giving no attention to reinforcing stimulus showed more performance than those giving attention. Cooperation to the experimenter with its explicit demand in the increment group was made through the awareness, which was not always necessary for the decrement group. It was concluded that the unaware subjects did not behave in compliance with the demand characteristics of the experimenter but the ego-centric characteristics of their own. In Exp. II, using the third pronoun in operant level, except “I”, as criteria, unaware subjects showed no increment. These results were discussed from the demand characteristics viewpoint.

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to clarify unaware subjects behavior using Taffel-type procedure. In Exp. I, unaware subjects showed significant increment in performance, using “I” as a criterion. Most of them were conscious of the contents of sentences, as was hypothesized. Unaware subjects giving no attention to reinforcing stimulus showed more performance than those giving attention. Cooperation to the experimenter with its explicit demand in the increment group was made through the awareness, which was not always necessary for the decrement group. It was concluded that the unaware subjects did not behave in compliance with the demand characteristics of the experimenter but the ego-centric characteristics of their own. In Exp. II, using the third pronoun in operant level, except “I”, as criteria, unaware subjects showed no increment. These results were discussed from the demand characteristics viewpoint.

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