Abstract
Habitat management, population management and damage management are all needed to solve forest damages by sika deer. Damage management with a deer-proof fence is necessary to keep damage under the social threshold level in the condition of optimal deer population size. A deer-proof fence will be effective if it has a suitable structure, is properly constructed and adequately cared for. Watershed protection is an effective method to protect a small scale ecosystem. When vegetation become quite scarce by deer foraging, population reduction may not be effective because the vegetation degradation will progress under a low population density. In such a case, vegetation protection by fence is necessary for not only prohibiting rare species from local extinction but recovering the vegetation. Population management and damage management are inseparable for wildlife management.
