Abstract
When indirectly quoting material in academic papers, one should paraphrase the source texts in one's own words. However, the extent to which one should paraphrase the original text remains unclear. This study investigated criteria for plagiarism used by university faculty members, Japanese students, and international students. They were asked to judge whether four versions of a paragraph, each with a different degree of modification and citation from the original text, were plagiarized. Results revealed that all three groups considered a paragraph without citation as plagiarized, but their judgments about the proper degree of textual appropriation differed.
