Isogeny graphs of superspecial abelian varieties and Brandt matrices

Abstract

Fix primes 𝑝 and ℓ with ℓ ≠ 𝑝. If (𝐴, 𝜆) is a 𝑔-dimensional principally polarized abelian variety, an (ℓ)^𝑔-isogeny of (𝐴, 𝜆) has kernel a maximal isotropic subgroup of the ℓ-torsion of 𝐴; the image has a natural principal polarization. In this paper we study the isogeny graphs of (ℓ)^𝑔-isogenies of principally polarized superspecial abelian varieties in characteristic 𝑝. We define three isogeny graphs associated to such (ℓ)^𝑔-isogenies—the big isogeny graph 𝐺𝑟_𝑔(ℓ, 𝑝), the little isogeny graph 𝑔𝑟_𝑔(ℓ, 𝑝), and the enhanced isogeny graph \widetilde{𝑔𝑟}_𝑔(ℓ, 𝑝). We apply strong approximation for the quaternionic unitary group to prove both that 𝑔𝑟_𝑔(ℓ, 𝑝) and 𝐺𝑟_𝑔(ℓ, 𝑝) are connected and that they are not bipartite. The connectedness of the enhanced isogeny graph \widetilde{𝑔𝑟}_𝑔(ℓ, 𝑝) then follows. The quaternionic unitary group has previously been applied to moduli of abelian varieties in characteristic 𝑝 (sometimes invoking strong approximation) by Chai, Ekedahl/Oort, and Chai/Oort. The adjacency matrices of the three isogeny graphs are given in terms of the Brandt matrices defined by Hashimoto, Ibukiyama, Ihara, and Shimizu. We study some basic properties of these Brandt matrices and recast the theory using the notion of Brandt graphs. We show that the isogeny graphs 𝐺𝑟_𝑔(ℓ, 𝑝) and 𝑔𝑟_𝑔(ℓ, 𝑝) are in fact our Brandt graphs. We give the ℓ-adic uniformization of 𝑔𝑟_𝑔(ℓ, 𝑝) and \widetilde{𝑔𝑟}_𝑔(ℓ, 𝑝). The (ℓ + 1)-regular isogeny graph 𝐺𝑟₁(ℓ, 𝑝) for supersingular elliptic curves is well known to be Ramanujan. We calculate the Brandt matrices for a range of 𝑔 > 1, ℓ, and 𝑝. These calculations give four examples with 𝑔 > 1 where the regular graph 𝐺𝑟_𝑔(ℓ, 𝑝) has two vertices and is Ramanujan, and all other examples we computed with 𝑔 > 1 and two or more vertices were not Ramanujan. In particular, the (ℓ)^𝑔-isogeny graph is not in general Ramanujan for 𝑔 > 1.