Abstract
Simulations using a three-dimensional shallow cloud model with detailed microphysics showed that even in maritime clouds, an ice-phase enhanced precipitation particle production compared to that occurring solely from warm rain processes. Rain fell earlier, was heavier, and lasted longer from maritime ice clouds than from warm clouds. The most remarkable result was a strong interaction between precipitation and wind shear as ice grew in the cloud. Rain fell in such a way that the low-level convergence was intensified. Modelled ice clouds with wind shear lasted much longer and produced much heavier rainfall than did similar clouds without ice, or clouds with ice but no wind shear.
