2017 Volume 14 Pages 134-157
In Japan, “National Security Technology Research Promotion Fund” for dual-use research was started from FY2015. The research funds are provided from Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Agency （ATLA）. There are concerns about serious affect the research environment of the university. And what is a dual-use research is being discussed in the academic society. In this paper, based on the development of the dual-use concept in the United States, the overview of how to use “dual use” in Japan since the 2000s. As a result, the academic sector has been paying attention since 2011 to the “application ambiguity” which is the new concept. Meanwhile, the government, defense and corporate sector has been developing “military-commercial duality” in the context of “Science and Technology for a Safe and Secure Society” since 2005. The two concepts are not integrated and are discussed separately. I discussed the problem of controversy about “dual use” in Japan using the framework of RRI （Responsible Research and Innovation）. The current discussion is inadequate and it is not responsive to future problems.
