National Research Integrity System (NRIS) of foreign countries (3) : Features of research misconduct and the point of building an NRIS

Abstract

The two previous articles in this series compared the features and backgrounds of foreign countries' NRISs to help study effective ways of reducing scientific fraud in Japan. This final article examines how each country defines research misconduct and provides for information disclosure. It also estimates the annual average number of cases the ORI handles in each country to compare features of misconduct. Finally, we wrap up all the considerations. In terms of research misconduct features, Japan has something in common with Western developed countries and partially shares similarity with Asian countries. Japan has much to learn from the efforts of each country in this area in building an appropriate NRIS.