Examination of binocular vision in the era of digital device

Abstract

As we enter an era in which digital devices are used more and more, devices using 3D images are expected to become more widespread in the future. In the medical field, robotic surgery using 3D images and vitreous surgery using head-up displays are also becoming widespread, but prolonged viewing of 3D images may cause eye fatigue. One cause of this is the dissociation of convergence and accommodation during viewing of 3D images. The accommodation is fixed on the screen, while the convergence is induced to a greater extent than usual in protruded images. For this reason, people with weak motor fusion need to work harder to maintain the convergence accommodation, which in turn increases the accommodative effort and is thought to cause ocular fatigue.

For smartphone reading at close distance (20 cm), gaze analysis showed that eso-deviation was greater for esophoria and the frequency of monocular viewing increased for intermittent exotropia, indicating that smartphone viewing at close distance is a significant visual burden.

Patients with mild hyperopic anisometropia may complain of ocular fatigue during the early presbyopic age. Investigations with binocular wavefront sensors suggested that mono-vision by fixation alternation is often difficult to establish in adults, and that fixation by the far-sighted eye at near vision is the cause of ocular fatigue. An increasing number of cases of macular epi-retinal membrane complaining of macropsia showed that sized lenses with increased lens thickness and altered image magnification may be effective in treating unequal images at the photoreceptor level.