Abstract
An empirical formula for the hypocentral distance of damaged railroad subgrade in earthquakes is given. Ground cracks caused by earthquakes are classified into those of tensile type, normal-fault type, and strike-slip type. After description of soil-liquefaction phenomena in earthquakes, the mechanism of spontaneous liquefaction of soils is reviewed critically. The solid-mass sliding and flow slide of soil slopes, and the fragment failure and rock-mass sliding of rock slopes are described. The effect of pore-water pressure on the stability of slopes in cases of the solid-mass sliding and the flow slide is discussed.
