Challenges Related to the Measurement of Particle Emissions of Gasoline Direct Injection Engines Under Cold-start and Low-temperature Conditions

Abstract

Particulate matter and – recently – particle number emissions from direct injection gasoline engines have already been regulated. The measurement techniques are well established for moderate temperature (23 ± 5 °C) but not for low temperature (e.g. -7 °C). Such an extended environmental condition has been enforced under real driving conditions but not yet for the laboratory testing. During development processes of engines and emission control systems, the testing at low temperature is of interest. This paper focuses on various challenges that need to be addressed for the developments with respect to engine calibrations and particle measurements under the extended environmental conditions.