Abstract
To investigate effect of muscle activity in pre-impact on injury outcome, we developed a human whole body FE model with muscular solid elements which can simulate 3-D geometry of each muscle and muscle stiffness change for the inputted activity, and performed side impact simulations using the whole body FE model. The simulation results showed that muscle activity in occupant bracing could reduce forces from a door in lower speed impacts and cause stress concentration at the bones of the arm and the shoulder not only in near side but also in far side.
