Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the primary energy consumption and GHG emissions of hydrogen, synthetic fuels, and biofuels in the Well-to-Wheel (WtW) process. The passenger cars considered in Tank-to-Wheel include gasoline vehicles (ICEV-G), diesel vehicles (ICEV-D), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), battery electric vehicles (BEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). The results show that Ethanol from sugar beet has the lowest GHG emissions of the other fuels. It can reduce GHG emissions by 93% compared to conventional petroleum-based fuels. In addition, ICEV (ICEV-G, ICEV-D, HEV) powered by e-fuel or biofuels had lower GHG emissions in WtW than BEV. Therefore, when using carbon- neutral fuels, ICEV is a more effective means of reducing GHG emissions than BEV.
