Abstract
Loose saturated sand behaves as a solid before liquefaction but as a fluid when the excess pore water pressure equals the initial confining stress, after which it recovers strength. In this paper, a simple constitutive equation for saturated loose sand was developed to express the phase transformation phenomenon between solid and fluid during liquefaction and the ground flow phenomenon. This is named the fluidal elasto-plastic constitutive equation, which combines a cyclic elasto-plastic behavior of sand and Newtonian viscous fluid characteristic of liquefied sand by defining a state controlling function. This constitutive equation was used for the shaking table test, and its applicability investigated by comparing numerical and experimental results.
