Abstract
Engineering viewpoints on reasonable and effective countermeasures against a surface active fault are discussed for three types of civil engineering structures, i. e. highway bridges, river dykes/road embankments/flat roads and underground pipelines. Considering characteristics of historical surface faulting, damages of structures and existing technology against relative displacements induced, three fundamental engineering concepts against surface faulting are proposed, and several examples of countermeasures to reduce damages by surface active faults for three types of civil engineering structures are shown according to four construction work-stages: planning, designing, activity just after an earthquake and restoration.
