MICROBIOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL FOR RECLAIMED WASTEWATER USE, AND FRAMEWORK TO SELECT TREATMENT PROCESS CONSIDERING LIFE CYCLE COST AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Abstract

 We studied the rate of norovirus removal for each reclaimed wastewater use application, selection of treatment and disinfection processes which can satisfy the removal rate, and the estimation of the cost and energy consumption of each process.
 The results indicated that the highest norovirus removal rate was required in the recreational water use due to the larger water intake. The trend of construction cost and energy consumption required to achieve certain risk level increased in the order of chlorine disinfection < ultraviolet disinfection < ozone disinfection, and maintenance costs of chlorine disinfection was almost equal to that of ultraviolet disinfection. As the virus risk control level improved, life cycle cost and energy consumption also tended to increase. We proposed the framework to select the adequate treatment process from the viewpoint of microbiological risk control, life cycle cost and energy consumption.