Abstract
Owing to difficulties in an implementation of an evacuation drill under an inundated underground condition, investigations through a numerical simulation will be considered as an effective method for making an evacuation planning. In the inundated underground condition, an evaluation of a hydraulic force acting on each evacuee is an indispensable matter. The drag effect has been only employed as the hydraulic force acting on the evacuees so far, because the hydraulic conditions have been solved by shallow water equations. However, in the inundated underground conditions, fluctuations of hydraulic forces caused by considerable changes in water surface level associated with the motions of the evacuees will have significant effects on the crowd behaviors. In this study, unsteady inundated flow conditions are solved by the accurate particle method based on the MPS method which has a high potential to violent flow simulations, and the solved hydraulic forces acting on evacuees are employed in the DEM-base crowd evacuation simulator. After verifying a validity of the developed DEM-MPS model by comparing with previous experimental results, the numerical simulation for crowd evacuation from inundated underground are performed. The numerical results show the fluctuation of the hydraulic forces have an impact on the crowd behaviors and this will influence an evacuation planning.
