Cultivating “New Abilities”: Educational Investments of Mothers with Infant Daughters in Japan

Abstract

This paper investigates the motivations of upper-class Japanese mothers who enroll their daughters in “Youji-Kyoshitsu”, a type of preschool. It examines the rising emphasis on “new abilities” as an educational goal in developed economies since the 1980s. In Japan, children’s educational success is increasingly linked to parental investment, a phenomenon termed “parentocracy.” While exam-focused cram schools receive considerable attention, the range of educational choices is expanding. Research suggests that upper-class mothers prioritize not only academic skills but also the development of these “new abilities.” However, investments specifically targeting these abilities have been relatively neglected in research, despite their increasing popularity. Furthermore, the potential influence of a child’s gender on educational investment decisions remains under-investigated. This study aims to address this gap by exploring the reasons behind upper-class mothers’ choices regarding “Youji-Kyoshitsu” for their daughters.

Therefore, this paper focuses on “Youji-Kyoshitsu” as a specific type of educational investment aimed at fostering both “new abilities” and the foundational skills necessary for traditional academic achievement. To understand the motivations behind this choice, semi-structured interviews were conducted, with upper-class mothers who send their infant daughters to “Youji-Kyoshitsu”.

The interviews revealed two key motivations driving this decision. First, mothers express a desire to equip their daughters with the adaptability needed to thrive in a future characterized by evolving skill demands. They perceive “Youji-Kyoshitsu” as an environment that cultivates these “new abilities” while simultaneously building a strong foundation for future academic success. Second, mothers view “Youji-Kyoshitsu” as a means of realizing their aspirations for their daughters’ futures. These aspirations encompass a range of outcomes, including: (1) expanding their future options and opportunities, (2) fostering self-reliance and independence, and (3) facilitating a fulfilling and comfortable life. Mothers believe that participation in “Youji-Kyoshitsu” can play a significant role in helping their daughters achieve these long-term goals.