Abstract

  For patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL), we prepared a three-dimensional (3D) model reproducing the renal pelvicaliceal system and kidney stones in full scale and performed a preoperative simulation. We prepared a 3D model in a total of 14 cases and verified its usefulness. In all 14 cases, we could make the tract to the first candidate renal calyx that was scheduled in the simulation. In 9 cases, we achieved a stone-free status with the initial PNL. In the other 5 cases, additional treatment was required (PNL, n=4 ; ureteroscopy, n=1). The perioperative complications included a fever of >38℃ in one case, which required the prolongation of antibiotic therapy, and a myocardial infarction, which developed 48 hours after the operation in another case. There were no cases of bleeding that required blood transfusion. The preoperative simulation using a 3D model enabled a stable operation.