Abstract
In the late 1980s, genetic manipulations of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) had begun in earnest with the search for vectors for LAB. The development of chromosomal integration vectors and “food-grade” host/vector expression systems greatly increased the interest in LAB genetics. In the 21st century, scientists are pursuing genome sequencing of industrial LAB and post-genomic research avenues that include the LAB transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. These omics studies have changed the research objective from a single cell to the meta-analysis of complex systems, including LAB metabolic networks and rapid and systematic responses of LAB to environmental changes. We began researching LAB genetics in the context of yogurt fermentation in 1987 and have actively participated in this constantly evolving field to the present day. Although excellent progress has been made in LAB research, many important LAB have not yet to be genetically manipulated, likely due to a history of selection for tolerance to foreign DNA invasion. Our LAB genetic studies in the past 30 years are introduced here.
