Hydraulic Losses and Flow Patterns in Pipes with Two Bends Combined : Effects of bend curvature and wall roughness

Abstract

In the past, several papers on hydraulic losses and secondary flow in various combinations of commercial elbows have been published, but the effects of the radius of curvature and surface roughness on the flow patterns and hydraulic losses remain unsolved. In the present paper, by use of four sets of pipe bends having different radii of curvature, the effects of curvature and surface roughness were studied.