Abstract
In order to reduce environmental loads by realizing inverse manufacturing, it is a promising approach to execute inverse processes of products in developing countries where labor cost and environmental loads in recycling and remanufacturing are lower than Japan. This is because recycling and remanufacturing process are labor-intensive process and more than a half of total cost of inverse process is labor cost. However, shifting inverse processes abroad is criticized as export of disposals and, moreover, such a system is not objectively evaluated from the environmental point of view because of lack of practical data. This paper discusses advantages and disadvantages of several types of international closed-loop systems through some example.
