Abstract
A three-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) is applied to a wind-driven turbulence, and the effects of the water turbulence and Langmuir circulations on scalar transfer across the air-water interface are investigated. In order to capture the deformable interface, an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation (ALE) method is applied. The results suggest that Langmuir circulations emerge on the water side but that the scalar transfer across the air-water interface is mainly controlled by the water turbulence and the effect of the Langmuir circulations is relatively small.
