Abstract
During freezing of cells. the cells are subjected to many types of stresses including the mechanical stress from ice crystals, osmotic stress induced by the concentration of extracellular solution, the mechanical stress resulted from osmotic volume change of cells, and so on. This paper deals with the cellular phenomena associated with these stresses during freeze-thaw process, and provides a view to date on the cellular injury caused by deformation and osmotic stress, which was obtained from the experiments that were designed to imitate the freezing process.
