Research on Parallel Rail and Air Services Considering Seasonal Variations in Demand

Abstract

In order to optimize the inter-city travel network due to population decline, it is important to discuss the need for parallel transportation services. We proposed a model to calculate the optimal and equilibrium network shapes for this discussion. Fujita et al. (2022) showed that under conditions of large seasonal variations in demand, the coexistence of multiple parallel transportation modes is optimal. The newly proposed equilibrium model allows us to discuss the conditions including the behavior of airlines, rail operators, and travelers. Numerical simulations show that when multiple parallel modes are optimal, the consequences of each player's behavior also provide multiple modes.