Multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica ; key points for differential diagnosis

Abstract

Central nervous system demyelinating diseases include multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), MOG–IgG related disorders (MOGAD). The diagnosis of MS is based on the exclusion of other diseases and the findings of MRI and cerebrospinal fluid examination. The diagnosis of NMOSD and MOGAD requires the identification of anti–aquaporin 4 antibodies and anti–myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies, respectively, using a cell–based assay. In addition, it is important to know the characteristic clinical and imaging features of each disease.