Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Extremely Preterm Infants: Understanding Differences from Full-Term Neurodevelopmental Disorders for Lifelong Support

Abstract

Extremely preterm infants born before 28 weeks of gestation are at higher risk for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) than full-term infants, with shorter gestation associated with more pronounced cognitive impairments. These outcomes are linked to immature brain development and perinatal neural injury, leading to diverse symptoms across developmental stages: language and motor delays in infancy, inattention and learning difficulties in childhood, increased psychiatric risks in adolescence, and possible dementia in adulthood. However, many do not meet diagnostic criteria, delaying support. Additionally, approximately 40% of mothers experience depressive symptoms, negatively affecting parenting behavior. This paper highlights clinical and neurobiological differences in NDDs between preterm and full-term infants. From the perspective of neuroplasticity and critical periods, we emphasize the need for comprehensive maternal-child support beginning during pregnancy, as well as the development of lifelong systems including early intervention, education, and transitional care.