Determination of Terrestrial Observation Error Models and Parameters in Geodetic Survey

Abstract

Weights for to the combined adjustment of GPS and terrestrial observations were investigated. The derived weights of terrestrial observations are shown as follows:
Distance σ_S=2.5mm+ (15.9×S) mm P_S=1/σ_S²
Direction σ_D=1.8″+ (0.218/S) ″ P_D=1/σ_D²
Vertical angle σ_V=3.6″+ (0.589/S) ″P_V=1/σ_V²
Leveling σ_L= (σ_LO√S) m P_L=1/σ_L²
σ_LO=0.6 (1^st order), 1.7 (2^nd order), 3.2 (3^rd order), unit in mm/km
where σ: standard error, P: weight, S: approximate observed distance in km.