The Authers have developed a deformed bar stud welding method (NS Stud welding) in which long deformed bar studs of 19 mm and 22mm diameters. This method can considerably reduce construction time and costs. Actual structures are used as example applications. One is the connecting struture of a concrete footing to a steel pipe pile foundation. Another i s an immersed tunnel element of a steel-concrete composite structure.
