Abstract
National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring ; NARMS, USA), Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme ; DANMAP, Denmark) and Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring ; SVARM, Sweden) were investigated.
NARMS is a collaboration among the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the U. S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). It monitors retail meat, human and food-producing animals. DANMAP is also an integrated system involving animals, retail meat and humans. Same as the National Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System in Japan (JVARM), all systems monitor Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.. In these systems, different from JVARM, they collect the animal samples in the slaughterhouse. In European countries, they emphasize to monitor the consumption of antimicrobials for food animals. In order to construct the better monitoring system, they often review the methods by themselves.
