Abstract
The following points have been recognized as characteristic of the requirements for superintendent licenses in the U.S.A.
1. Issued licenses are either comprehensive administrative licenses or specific to school superintendents.
2. Obtaining a license requires a doctor’s degree or educational specialist degree.
3. Teaching or administrative experience is generally required as a historical characteristic.
4. There are differences among states in terms of the enrichment of internship programs.
5. Some states require examinations specific to school superintendents.
6. Among the states that have introduced an upgrading system (10 states), some do not permit a renewal system, but require obtaining an advanced license.
7. There are alternative training programs apart from traditional training programs offered by graduate schools.
Challenges facing quality assurance on superintendent training programs include:
i) Seeking applications, admission and screening
ii) Objectives and philosophy of the program
iii) Core contents of the course curriculum, especially the emphasis on practical experience
iv) Tenure of faculty
