Abstract
Based on a consideration of possible impurities in the feed for membrane distillation, experimental studies were performed to determine the concentration limit of nonvolatile substances and the permeate characteristics of volatile ones. The permeate experiments were done using Na2SO4 as nonvolatile matter and ethanol and ammonia as volatile components.
The characteristics of volatile permeate were seen in which ammonia does not permeate to the cooling-water side by keeping pH less than 6. By considering concentration polarization as well as heat and mass balance, good simulations were made of the experiments.
