Gender Differences in the Effect of the Development of Service Industry on Job Qualities: Focusing on the Ratio of Atypical Employment by Industry

Abstract

This paper aims to clarify the effect of service industrialization on “quality of work” through an examination of the impact of the ratio of atypical employment by industry on jobs and wages by gender. Prior literatures say the service industry has two characteristics. One is that they depend on women and atypical workers, and the other is that the “quality of work” tends to be low. However, it is conceivable that the effect of the service industry on “job quality” may differ by gender. In this paper, employing PIAAC in 2011 in Japan, I revealed two things. First, the increase in the ratio of atypical employment has led to a greater allocation of jobs to women in typical employment. Second, it has led to a reduction in wages for both men and women in typical employment. From the above, women in typical employment have borne a double burden of additional job duties and lower wages during the development of the service sector.