Holistic Ensemble Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics and Bell’s Inequalities

Abstract

The ensemble interpretation (EI) of quantum mechanics has been proposed by physicists and philosophers (e.g., A. Einstein, K. R. Popper, and A. Lande). However, it is not accepted widely among modern scientists. This is because the EI is regarded as a kind of the hidden variable theories. The scientists believe that the EI is inconsistent with violation of Bell's inequalities. The present paper points out that there are various types of the EI. Several of them can be consistent with the violation. The non-local type of the EI proposed by Shirai in 1998 is also consistent. We call it “holistic ensemble interpretation (HEI).” The non-locality in the HEI includes a temporal non-locality (i.e., a future dependence), implying that the present distributions depend on the future conditions. The concept of the future dependence would be so controversial that we discuss it deeply in the latter half of the paper. Many scientists may think of it as a doubtful concept, because it disagrees with the concept of “free will.” However, there are several reasons why we should consider the future dependence.