Abstract
The resurgence of bedbug infestations has been globally underway since the mid-1990s in US, several European countries, and Australia. The control failure with registered insecticides, which are in most cases pyrethroids, and withdrawal of effective insecticides are regarded as major causes of the resurgence among many explanations. Both lowered sensitivity of pyrethroid target voltage gated sodium channel and increased metabolisms by cytochrome P450s are involved in major pyrethroid resistance of the bedbug Cimex lectularius. Bedbug populations with pyrethroid resistance due to either or both mechanisms are distributed at least in wide areas of US.
