2024 Volume 42 Issue 2 Pages 43-49
More than 20 years have passed since the introduction of VR surgical simulators to endoscopic surgical training. The configuration implementing audiovisual and tactile interaction was established in the mid-2000s. The significance of the VR surgical simulator to surgeon training which is primary purpose is in basic task modules including robot-assisted surgery. On the other hand, the procedure modules are useful for the experience and team training of medical staff besides surgeon, although added new procedures and new style such as using a head-mounted display. In addition, a new model of hybrid (AR) simulator, which has been out of production for a while, was developed recently, and are expected to be useful especially for the weak field of VR such as suturing and ligation training.